Xanthomonas campestris

Xanthomonas campestris' biofilm on plant surface ASM MicrobeLibrary Higher order taxa [Kingdom] Bacteria [Phylum] Proteobacteria [Class] Gamma Proteobacteria [Order] Xanthomonadales [Family] Xanthomonadaceae [Genus] Xanthomonas [Species] Xanthomonas campestris Species NCBI: Xanthomonas campestris Description and significance Xanthomonas campestris is an aerobic, Gram-negative rod known to cause the black rot in crucifers by darkening the vascular tissues. Host associated, over 20 different pathovars of X. campestris have been identified by their distinctive pathogenicity on a wide range of plants including crops and wild plants. This bacterium is mesophilic with optimal temperature at 25-30 degrees Celsius (77-85 degrees Fahrenheit) and inactive at temperatures below 10 degrees Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit) [1]. X. campestris have Hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) pili that help transfer effector proteins to decrease the host’s defense and glide through water [2, 3]. They can live in a soil for over a year and spread through any movement of water including rain, irrigation and surface water. Spraying healthy plants with copper fungicides may reduce the spread of the bacteria in the field [2]. However, once the plant has been infected, X. campestris will eventually spread to the seed stalk inhibiting the growth of a healthy offspring. By pure culture fermentation, X. campestris can produce an extracellular polysaccharide known as xanthan gum that is commerci...

Other names for the disease are bacteriosis, bacterial leaf spot, or bacterial shot hole. Common hosts include peach, nectarine, prune, plum, and apricot. Other hosts are sweet and tart cherry, almond and wild peach. Cultivars within Prunus species vary widely in their susceptibility to this disease. The disease affects fruit, leaves, and twigs. Fruit loss on some cultivars can be very high. Early and severe defoliation can affect fruit size and the winter hardiness of buds and wood. Symptoms The symptoms of bacterial spot are quite different from other diseases of stone fruits. They may be confused with nitrogen deficiency and spray injury. The disease first appears as small, water-soaked, grayish areas on leaves. Later the spots become angular and purple, black, or brown in color; the lesions always are delineated by the leaf veins. The mature spots remain angular and are most numerous at the tip ends and along the midribs of leaves. The infected areas may drop out, giving the infected leaves a shot hole, tattered appearance. On plum, the shot-hole effect is more pronounced than on other stone fruits. Infected leaves eventually turn yellow and drop. Severe defoliation often results in reduced fruit size and increased sunburn and fruit cracking. As a result, tree vigor and winter hardiness are also reduced. Other leaf spot diseases and spots due to spray injury tend to be much more circular in outline. These spots can vary in size; from pin-prick to larger depending on th...

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Xanthomonas spp. encompass a wide range of plant pathogens that use numerous virulence factors for pathogenicity and fitness in plant hosts. In this Review, we examine recent insights into host–pathogen co-evolution, diversity in Xanthomonas populations and host specificity of Xanthomonas spp. that have substantially improved our fundamental understanding of pathogen biology. We emphasize the virulence factors in xanthomonads, such as type III secreted effectors including transcription activator-like effectors, type II secretion systems, diversity resulting in host specificity, evolution of emerging strains, activation of susceptibility genes and strategies of host evasion. We summarize the genomic diversity in several Xanthomonas spp. and implications for disease outbreaks, management strategies and breeding for disease resistance. Open Access articles citing this article. • • Xiameng Xu • , Ying Li • … Gongyou Chen Phytopathology Research Open Access 12 December 2022 • • Xiaoxia Zhang • , Yi-Nan Ma • … Hai-Lei Wei Microbiome Open Access 09 December 2022 • • MeiLin Li • , YiXue Bao • … MuQing Zhang BMC Genomics Open Access 26 September 2022 Acc...

Effective disease control must be based on knowledge of the life cycle of the pathogen and the interaction between the pathogen and the host plant (Lozano and Wholey, 1974). The weakest link in the disease cycle, when control strategies are most effective, is during the survival phase of the pathogen. The relationship of a pathogen’s life cycle to disease control, is based on how and where the bacterial pathogen survives — in soil, water, plant debris, or seed. The mechanism(s) of pathogen dissemination affects the type of epidemic the pathogen may cause. Keywords • Seed Treatment • Leaf Spot • Bacterial Blight • Xanthomonas Campestris • Citrus Canker These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. • Adaskaveg, J.E. and Hine, R.B. (1985) Copper tolerance and zinc sensitivity of Mexican strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, causal agent of bacterial spot of pepper. Plant Disease, 70, 993–7. • Bender, C.L., Malvick, K.K., Conway, K.E., George, S. and Pratt, P. (1990) Characterization of pXV10A, a copper resistance plasmid in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 170–5. • Brinkerhoff, L.A. (1970) Variation in Xanthomonas malvacearum and its relation to control. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 8, 85–110. • Brinkerhoff, L.A. and Hussain, T. (1978) Evaluation of American and African bacterial blight resistant up...

Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii. This disease is very destructive to Pelargonium and Geranium. Since the bacterium is highly host specific, the most likely source is the host plant. The bacteria can survive in undecomposed plant tissues for as long as a year and it can reside on the foliage for several moths before initiating disease. It almost always becomes systemic in geranium. Stock plants may not show symptoms but harbor the bacteria resulting in infected daughter plants. The cutting knife is a common means of disease spread among stock plants. Good sanitation practices and a culture-indexing program are the only tools for controlling this disease. Affected plants should be discarded promptly. Workers should wash their hands after handling diseased plants or soil. Diseased plant debris should be removed from the growing area. Handling of wet foliage should be avoided. Since bacteria can be spread from plant to plant by irrigation water, minimize splashing and reduce leaf wetness by spacing and practices such as ebb and flow irrigation. Do not grow hanging baskets of ivy geraniums above benches; dripping of water to the geraniums below is an important means of transmission. Seed geraniums should be kept separate from vegetatively propagated geraniums and if possible geraniums from different sources should also be separated. Copper compounds (Kocide, Phyton 27) may help prevent spread of the disease, but will not cure infected plants. Ph...

• Article • • 01 July 2021 Xanthomonas effector XopR hijacks host actin cytoskeleton via complex coacervation • • • • • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2362-0128 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4288-951X • … • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-7873 Show authors Nature Communications volume 12, Article number: 4064 ( 2021) The intrinsically disordered region (IDR) is a preserved signature of phytobacterial type III effectors (T3Es). The T3E IDR is thought to mediate unfolding during translocation into the host cell and to avoid host defense by sequence diversification. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism of host subversion via the T3E IDR. We report that the Xanthomonas campestris T3E XopR undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) via multivalent IDR-mediated interactions that hijack the Arabidopsis actin cytoskeleton. XopR is gradually translocated into host cells during infection and forms a macromolecular complex with actin-binding proteins at the cell cortex. By tuning the physical-chemical properties of XopR-complex coacervates, XopR progressively manipulates multiple steps of actin assembly, including formin-mediated nucleation, crosslinking of F-actin, and actin depolymerization, which occurs through competition for actin-depolymerizing factor and depends on constituent stoichiometry. Our findings unravel a sophisticated strategy in which bacterial T3E subverts the host actin cytoskeleton via protein complex coacervation. The type III secretion system (T3SS) is the prim...