How is aniline prepared from nitrobenzene

Content • Physical properties of aniline • Preparation of aniline from benzene • Preparation of aniline • Reactions of aniline • Aniline and alkyl halide reaction • Aniline and halogen reaction • Aniline and nitrous acid reaction • Aniline and dilute acids reaction • Questions Physical properties of aniline • A light brown solution • Aniline has a characteristic odour • Aniline is a polar compound. Due to exist of hydrogen bonds, • Aniline can make hydrogen bonds with water. But due to large phenyl group solubility of aniline is low. • Aniline is less basic than Preparation of aniline Preparation of aniline from Preparation of aniline from benzene There are two steps to • Benzene to nitrobenzene - Benzene reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid on heating about 40 0C and give nitrobenzene. A -NO 2 group is substituted to the benzene ring. • Nitrobenzene to aniline - Aniline is prepared by the reaction Sn / concentrated HCl / excess NaOH with nitrobenzene. In this reaction, nitrobenzene is reduced to aniline salt by Sn / concentrated HCl. Then aniline is recovered by adding NaOH. Reactions of aniline Aniline is an activatator and it is also an ortho-para director. We study following reactions of aniline. Electrons' density of benzene ring in aniline is much higher than benzene and that is the reason why aniline shows different reactions than benzene.. • Aniline and alkyl halide reaction • Aniline and halogen reaction • Aniline and nitrous acid re...

Aim: Preparation of m-nitroaniline from nitrobenzene Requirements: • Nitro Benzene • Fuming Nitric acid • Sulfuric acid • Sodium Sulphide • Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate, Methanol Procedure: Step 1 Preparation of m- dinitrobenzene from nitrobenzene Take 6.0 mL of fuming nitric acid in a 100 mL round bottomed flask and add carefully with shaking 12.0 mL con. Sulfuric acid and 6.0 mL Nitro benzene. After adding of nitro benzene heat this mixture with frequent shaking on a boiling water bath for 15 minutes. Allow the mixture to cool some times and pour it cautiously with vigorous stirring in to a about 250 mL cold water the dinitrobenzene solidities filtrate the precipitation wash with cold water and allow to drain as completely as possible. Recrystallized from alcohol and water M.P. of yield = 90 °C. Step 2 Preparation of m-nitroaniline from m- dinitrobenzene Dissolve 13.43 g. of crystallized sodium sulphide (N 2S.9H 2O) in 37.31 mL of water and add 4.47 mL NaHCO 3 in small portion with constant stirring when all bicarbonate has dissolved completely add 37.31 methanol with stirring filter of the precipitation sodium carbonate wash the precipitate with three times 5 ml portion of methanol these contain about 1.08g of NaSH in solution and must be used forth with for reduction. Dissolve 5.0 g. dinitrobenzene (DNB) in 37 mL of hot methanol in a 250 ml round bottom flask and with shaking the previously prepared methanolic solution of NaSH attach reflux condenser to the flask and boil...

We used a UV-irradiation reduction method to prepare Ag-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite by reducing graphite oxide and in ethanol. (TEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), UV–vis absorption spectrophotometry (UV–vis), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterized the prepared samples. Ag–RGO nanocomposite was tested for reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline under visible light. The Ag–RGO nanocomposites have a high efficiency to convert nitrobenzene to aniline under visible-light irradiation. Therefore, Ag-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite can be used as a Introduction Industry and lab research commonly use catalytic hydrogenation to reduce nitrobenzene (NB) to aniline, one of the most important chemicals and intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, pigments, and pesticides [1], [2]. Transition metals (Cu, Ni) and noble metals (Pt, Pd, Au) are commonly the catalyst [1], [2], [3] and the reaction needs to be performed at high temperature, high H 2 pressure, and for a long time to reach a satisfactory level of aniline [3], [4]. Photochemical-induced reduction of nitrobenzene into aniline, which can occur at room temperature with a photocatalyst, has scientific relevance and helps in the pursuit of environmentally benign, “green,” synthesis [5], [6], [7]. Although some literature have reported the reduction of nitrobenzene (NB) and its derivatives to aniline [5], [8], [9], [10], its conversion and selectivity are low and TiO 2 is commo...

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